LESSON 8: BASIC POWER TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT

Basic Terminologies In Power Transmission

1. Alternating Current (AC) – This is an electric current in which the direction of the current flow is reversed or alternated.

2. Direct Current (DC) – This is an electric current that flows continuously in the same direction as contrasted with alternating current.

3. Corona –This is an electrical breakdown of the air near high voltage conductors into charged particles.

4. Current – This is the flow of electricity or the movement of
electrons through a conductor.

5. Electric & Magnetic Fields (EMF) – These are invisible areas of energy, often referred to as radiation, that are associated with the use of electric power. 

6. Electric Load – This is composed of electricity consumers, such as residences, businesses, and government centers that use electricity

7. Electric Power Transmission – This is the process by which large amounts of electricity produced are transported over long distances for eventual use by consumers.

8. Energy – This is the amount of work that can be done by electricity, typically measured in kilowatt hours (kWh) or megawatt hours (MWh).

9.  Generation – This is the production of electric energy, through fossil fuels, wind turbines, solar panels, dams and other technologies used to generate electricity.

Figure 1: Power generation process starts from the generating plants. This is the first phase.

10. Power – It is the rate at which electricity does work. It is measured in watts or kilowatts (kW) or megawatts (MW).

11. Voltage – It is an electric “pressure” measured in volts. Power systems are typically measured in 1,000s volts or kV.

12. Watt – It is the unit of electrical power. 1MW is one million watts.

BASIC POWER TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT

1. Conductors (Power Lines) – They are metal cables used for carrying electric current.

2. Insulators – They are used to contain, separate, or support electrical conductors.

Figure 2: electric grid


Figure 3: The three components of power transmission

3. Substation – This is a part of an electrical transmission system that transforms voltage from high to low, or the reverse.

Figure 4: From the generating plants electricity is increased at substation so it can be transmitted through long distance to meet the power required at the distributable destination.

4. Transmission Line – It is a line that carries electricity at voltages of 69kV or greater and is used to transmit electric power over relatively long distances, usually from a central generating station to main substations. They are usually seen along highways, very high and far from where we live, with thick cables running from one giant steel mast to another.

Figure 5: From the substation electricity is transmitted through transmission lines to distant locations.

5.  Distribution Line – This a line that carries electricity at lower voltages of 12kV to 44kV and is used to distribute power drawn from high-voltage transmission systems to end-use customers. They are usually seen in streets and front of houses with three lines running parallel to each other, from one concrete pole to another.

Figure 6: From another substation that reduces electricity, electricity gets through distribution lines to consumers.

6. Shield and Ground Wire – These are wires used primarily for protections from lightning strikes and corresponding surges. They are usually situated above the grids.

7. Switching Station – Switching station is a part of an electrical transmission systems that ties two or more electric circuits together through switches, to permit a circuit to be disconnected, or to change the electric connection between circuits.

8. Transmission Structures – This is used to keep high-voltage conductors (power lines) separated from their surroundings and from each other. 

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